General information for diabetic People

In type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use glucose for energy. When you eat food, the body breaks down all of the sugars and starches into glucose, which is the basic fuel for the cells in the body. Insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can lead to diabetes complications.
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The subject of this case study has a ass of 85 kg and a height of 1.65 m. BMI (calculated as mass divided by the square of height) for the subject is therefore approximately 31 kg/m2. According to the WHO (2004), a BMI higher than 30 indicates obesity. The waist circumference (WC) of the subject is 96 cm and according to the NHS and a WC value of approximately 95cm in both men and women has been found to correspond to a critical accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (130cm2)(Lemieux et al., 1996). WCs of 94cm or greater in men and 80cm or greater in women have been reported to be indicative of the need for weight management and to identify those at risk for cardiovascular diseases (Han et al., 1995) i.e., ischemic heart disease and stroke increases.
 
BMI is known to be unable to distinguish between muscular people and overweight or obese people, increasingly WC and waist to height ratio (WHtR) are being recommended as more accurate alternatives for diagnosing obesity and increased risk of health problems. The subject has a WHtR of 0.53 (waist circumference divided by height) and although there are no guidelines from major health bodies currently available, Hsieh and Muto (2005) found that a WHtR of or greater than 0.5 indicated the highest coronary risk factors in their study.
The systolic blood pressure reading (139 mm HG) alone indicates pre-hypertension however the diastolic blood pressure level  (95 mmHG) indicates stage 1 hypertension in the subject as per Chobanian et al. (2003). According to the same report, the risk of death from both ischemic heart disease and stroke increases progressively and linearly when the systolic and diastolic pressure levels are more then 140 and 90 mm HG, respectively.  
 
The NHS recommends that the total cholesterol level should be below or equal to 5 mmol/L and the LDL cholesterol level should be under 3 mmol/L to minimize health risks. The subject has a total cholesterol level of 5.4 mmol/L and a LDL cholesterol level of 3.2 mmol/L and therefore has no problems as regards cholesterol levels.
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), impaired fasting glucose levels must be 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus as a fasting plasma glucose level of 7.0 mmol/L or more. The test results indicate that the patient is not suffering from diabetes